Associations between walkability and physical activity among children and adolescents: evidence from a gamified intervention | BMC Public Health
Dimitri P, Joshi K, Jones N. Moving more: physical activity and its positive effects on long term conditions in children and young people. Arch Dis Child. 2020;105(11):1035–40. https://doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2019-318017.
Google Scholar
Mitra R, Moore SA, Gillespie M, Faulkner G, Vanderloo LM, Chulak-Bozzer T, et al. Healthy movement behaviours in children and youth during the COVID-19 pandemic: exploring the role of the neighbourhood environment. Health Place. 2020;65:102418. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2020.102418.
Google Scholar
Pojednic R, D’Arpino E, Halliday I, Bantham A. The benefits of physical activity for people with Obesity, independent of weight loss: A systematic review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(9). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19094981.
Chaput J–P, Willumsen J, Bull F, Chou R, Ekelund U, Firth J, et al. 2020 WHO guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour for children and adolescents aged 5–17 years: summary of the evidence. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2020;2020:141. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-020-01037-z.
Google Scholar
Rhodes RE, Guerrero MD, Vanderloo LM, Barbeau K, Birken CS, Chaput J–P, et al. Development of a consensus statement on the role of the family in the physical activity, sedentary, and sleep behaviours of children and youth. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2020;17(1):74. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-020-00973-0.
Google Scholar
Baobeid A, Koç M, Al-Ghamdi SG. Walkability and its relationships with health, sustainability, and livability: elements of physical environment and evaluation frameworks. Front Built Environ. 2021;7:721218. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbuil.2021.721218.
Google Scholar
Dhuli K, Naureen Z, Medori MC, Fioretti F, Caruso P, Perrone MA, Nodari S, Manganotti P, Xhufi S, Bushati M, Bozo D, Connelly ST, Herbst KL, Bertelli M. Physical activity for health. J Prev Med Hyg. 2022;63(2 Suppl 3):E150–9. https://doi.org/10.15167/2421-4248/jpmh2022.63.2S3.2756.
Google Scholar
Warburton DER, Nicol CW, Bredin SSD. Health benefits of physical activity: the evidence. Can Med Assoc J. 2006;174(6):801–9. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.051351.
Google Scholar
Robert-Koch-Institut. (2023, December 20). Themenschwerpunkt: Körperliche Aktivität: Gesundheitsmonitoring. https://www.rki.de/DE/Content/Gesundheitsmonitoring/Themen/Koerperl_Aktivitaet/koerperl_aktiv_node.html.
Ubiali A, Gori D, Rochira A, Raguzzoni G, Fantini MP. Measures of walkability in the pediatric population: A qualitative review of the literature. Annali Di Igiene: Med Preventiva E Di Comunita. 2021;33(1):67–85. https://doi.org/10.7416/ai.2021.2409.
Google Scholar
van Sluijs EMF, Ekelund U, Crochemore-Silva I, Guthold R, Ha A, Lubans D, et al. Physical activity behaviours in adolescence: current evidence and opportunities for intervention. Lancet. 2021;398(10298):429–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01259-9.
Google Scholar
Finger JD, Varnaccia G, Borrmann A, Lange C, Mensink GBM. Physical activity among children and adolescents in Germany. Results of the cross-sectional KiGGS wave 2 study and trends. J Health Monit. 2018;3(1):23–30. https://doi.org/10.17886/RKI-GBE-2018-023.2.
Google Scholar
Neil-Sztramko SE, Caldwell H, Dobbins M. School-based physical activity programs for promoting physical activity and fitness in children and adolescents aged 6 to 18. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021;9(9):CD007651. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD007651.pub3.
Google Scholar
Patnode CD, Lytle LA, Erickson DJ, Sirard JR, Barr-Anderson D, Story M. The relative influence of demographic, individual, social, and environmental factors on physical activity among boys and girls. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2010;7:79. https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-7-79.
Google Scholar
Kelso A, Reimers AK, Abu-Omar K, Wunsch K, Niessner C, Wäsche H, et al. Locations of physical activity: where are children, adolescents, and adults physically active? A systematic review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18031240.
Google Scholar
Smith M, Hosking J, Woodward A, Witten K, MacMillan A, Field A, et al. Systematic literature review of built environment effects on physical activity and active transport – an update and new findings on health equity. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2017;14(1):158. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-017-0613-9.
Google Scholar
Kleszczewska D, Mazur J, Bucksch J, Dzielska A, Brindley C, Michalska A. Active transport to school may reduce psychosomatic symptoms in school-aged children: data from nine countries. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17238709.
Google Scholar
Nobis C, Kuhnimhof T. Mobilität in Deutschland – MiD. Ergebnisbericht. Berlin: Bonn: BMVI, Infas, DLR, IVT, Infas 360; 2018.
Hillman M, Adams J, Whitelegg J. One False Move … A study of children’s independent mobility. London: Policy Studies Institute XLC; 1990.
Schoeppe S, Duncan MJ, Badland HM, Oliver M, Browne M. Associations between children’s independent mobility and physical activity. BMC Public Health. 2014;14:91. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-14-91.
Google Scholar
Han CS, Brussoni MJ, Mâsse LC. Parental autonomy support in the context of Parent-Child negotiation for children’s independent mobility: ‘i always feel safer with my parents’ to ‘Boom! Bust down those Walls!‘. J Early Adolesc. 2022;42(6):737–64. https://doi.org/10.1177/02724316211064513.
Google Scholar
Carver A, Timperio A, Crawford D. Playing it safe: the influence of neighbourhood safety on children’s physical activity. Rev Health Place. 2008;14(2):217–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2007.06.004.
Google Scholar
Valentine G. Oh Yes I Can.”“Oh No You Can’t”: Children and Parents’ Understandings of Kids’ Competence to Negotiate Public Space Safely. Antipode. 1997;29(1):65–89. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8330.00035.
Google Scholar
Hu D, Zhou S, Crowley-McHattan ZJ, Liu Z. Factors that influence participation in physical activity in school-aged children and adolescents: a systematic review from the social ecological model perspective. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(6):3147. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18063147.
Google Scholar
McLeroy KR, Bibeau D, Steckler A, Glanz K. An ecological perspective on health promotion programs. Health Educ Q. 1988;15(4):351–77. https://doi.org/10.1177/109019818801500401.
Google Scholar
Krist L, Bürger C, Ströbele-Benschop N, Roll S, Lotz F, Rieckmann N, et al. Association of individual and neighbourhood socioeconomic status with physical activity and screen time in seventh-grade boys and girls in Berlin, Germany: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open. 2017;7(12):e017974. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-017974.
Google Scholar
Yang S, Chen X, Wang L, [Lei], Wu T, Fei T, Xiao Q, Zhang G, Ning Y, Jia P. Walkability indices and childhood obesity: A review of epidemiologic evidence. Obes Reviews: Official J Int Association Study Obes 22 Suppl. 2021;1(Suppl 1e13096. https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.13096.
Fathi S, Sajadzadeh H, Sheshkal M, Aram F, Pinter F, Felde G, I., Mosavi A. The role of urban morphology design on enhancing physical activity and public health. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(7). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17072359.
Fina S, Gerten C, Pondi B, D’Arcy L, O’Reilly N, Vale DS, Pereira M, Zilio S. OS-WALK-EU: an open-source tool to assess health-promoting residential walkability of European City structures. J Transp Health. 2022;27:101486. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jth.2022.101486.
Google Scholar
Scheller DA, Bachner J. Subjective walkability perceived by children and adolescents living in urban environments: a study protocol for participatory methods and scale development in the WALKI-MUC project. PLoS One. 2024;19(3):e0299208. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0299208.
Google Scholar
Frank LD, Sallis JF, Conway TL, Chapman JE, Saelens BE, Bachman W. Many pathways from land use to health: associations between neighborhood walkability and active transportation, body mass index, and air quality. J Am Plann Assoc. 2006;72(1):75–87. https://doi.org/10.1080/01944360608976725.
Google Scholar
Jensen WA, Brown BB, Smith KR, Brewer SC, Amburgey JW, McIff B. Active transportation on a complete street: perceived and audited walkability correlates. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2017. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14091014.
Google Scholar
Wang Y, Steenbergen B, van der Krabben E, Kooij H–J, Raaphorst K, Hoekman R. The impact of the built environment and social environment on physical activity: a scoping review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2023. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20126189.
Google Scholar
Sallis JF, Cerin E, Conway TL, Adams MA, Frank LD, Pratt M, et al. Physical activity in relation to urban environments in 14 cities worldwide: a cross-sectional study. Lancet. 2016;387(10034):2207–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)01284-2.
Google Scholar
Jago R, Salway R, House D, Beets M, Lubans DR, Woods C, et al. Rethinking children’s physical activity interventions at school: a new context-specific approach. Front Public Health. 2023;11:1149883. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1149883.
Google Scholar
Pfeifer K, Rütten A. Nationale empfehlungen für bewegung und bewegungsförderung [National recommendations for physical activity and physical activity Promotion]. Gesundheitswesen. 2017;79(S 01):S2–3. Bundesverband der Arzte des Offentlichen Gesundheitsdienstes (Germany) .
Google Scholar
Gkintoni E, Vantaraki F, Skoulidi C, Anastassopoulos P, Vantarakis A. Promoting physical and mental health among children and adolescents via gamification-a conceptual systematic review. Behav Sci. 2024. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14020102.
Google Scholar
Mazeas A, Duclos M, Pereira B, Chalabaev A. Evaluating the effectiveness of gamification on physical activity: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Med Internet Res. 2022;24(1):e26779. https://doi.org/10.2196/26779.
Google Scholar
Spring FDH, Lærkholm G, Jensen RB, Kloppenborg JT. The effect of exergaming on BMI and fitness in children and adolescents with obesity: a systematic review. Acta Paediatr. 2025;114(7):1522–37. https://doi.org/10.1111/apa.70048.
Google Scholar
Ramírez-Granizo IA, Ubago-Jiménez JL, González-Valero G, Puertas-Molero P, San Román-Mata S. The effect of physical activity and the use of active video games: exergames in children and adolescents: a systematic review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124243.
Google Scholar
Harris MA. Beat the street: a pilot evaluation of a community-wide gamification-based physical activity intervention. Games Health J. 2018;7(3):208–12. https://doi.org/10.1089/g4h.2017.0179.
Google Scholar
Harris MA. Maintenance of behaviour change following a community-wide gamification based physical activity intervention. Prev Med Rep. 2019;13:37–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2018.11.009.
Google Scholar
Banger A, Grigolon A, Brussel M, Pfeffer K. Identifying the interrelations between subjective walkability factors and walking behaviour: a case study in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Transp Res Interdiscip Perspect. 2024;24:101025. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trip.2024.101025.
Google Scholar
Dovey K, Pafka E. What is walkability? The urban DMA. Urban Stud. 2020;57(1):93–108. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098018819727.
Google Scholar
Westenhöfer J, Nouri E, Reschke ML, Seebach F, Buchcik J. Walkability and urban built environments-a systematic review of health impact assessments (HIA). BMC Public Health. 2023;23(1):518. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-023-15394-4.
Google Scholar
Kerr J[J], Jens B, Sven S. Definition and dimensions of walkability. In J. Bucksch & S. Schneider, editors, Walkability: das Handbuch zur Bewegungsförderung in der Kommune. 2014;1:143–151.
Bandara TN, Higgs C, Turrell G, Livera Ade, Gunn L, Zapata-Diomedi B. Longitudinal effects of the built environment on transportation and recreational walking and differences by age and sex: A systematic review. Soc Sci Med. 2025;368:117811. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2025.117811.
Google Scholar
Yu J, Zhang H, Dong X, Shen J. The impact of street greenery on active travel: a narrative systematic review. Front Public Health. 2024;12:1337804. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2024.1337804.
Google Scholar
Ibrahim S, Younes A, Abdel-Razek SA. Impact of neighborhood urban morphologies on walkability using spatial multi-criteria analysis. Urban Sci. 2024;8(2):70. https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci8020070.
Google Scholar
Venerandi A, Mellen H, Romice O, Porta S. Walkability Indices—The state of the Art and future directions. Syst Rev Sustain. 2024;16(16):6730. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16166730.
Google Scholar
Frank LD, Sallis JF, Saelens BE, Leary L, Cain K, Conway TL, et al. The development of a walkability index: application to the neighborhood quality of life study. Br J Sports Med. 2010;44(13):924–33. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2009.058701.
Google Scholar
Heudobler M, Fina S, Gerten C, Voß S, Jung-Sievers C. Walkability der stadt Regensburg – eine Mixed-methods-Untersuchung mittels QGIS und walk audits. Prävention Und Gesundheitsförderung. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11553-024-01165-5.
Google Scholar
Sedlmeir G. Ein walkability index für München. Münchner Statistik. 2022;2(Quartalsheft):28–35.
Tran M–C. Walkability als ein Baustein gesundheitsförderlicher Stadtentwicklung und -gestaltung. In Baumgart, S., Höckler, A., Ritzinger, A., Rüdiger, A, editor, Planung für gesundheitsfördernde Städte. 2018. pp. 284–296.
Fonseca F, Ribeiro PJG, Conticelli E, Jabbari M, Papageorgiou G, Tondelli S, et al. Built environment attributes and their influence on walkability. Int J Sustain Transp. 2022;16(7):660–79. https://doi.org/10.1080/15568318.2021.1914793.
Google Scholar
Rodrigue L, Daley J, Ravensbergen L, Manaugh K, Wasfi R, Butler G, et al. Factors influencing subjective walkability: results from built environment audit data. J Transp Land Use. 2022;15(1):709–27. https://doi.org/10.5198/jtlu.2022.2234.
Google Scholar
van der Vlugt A–L, Gerten C, Scheiner J. Regular issue. Act Travel Stud. 2024;4(1). https://doi.org/10.16997/ats.1391.
Jennings V, Bamkole O. The relationship between social cohesion and urban green space: an avenue for health promotion. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16030452.
Google Scholar
Bird M, Datta GD, Chinerman D, Kakinami L, Mathieu M–E, Henderson M, et al. Associations of neighborhood walkability with moderate to vigorous physical activity: an application of compositional data analysis comparing compositional and non-compositional approaches. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2022;19(1):55. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-022-01256-6.
Google Scholar
Laxer RE, Janssen I. The proportion of youths’ physical inactivity attributable to neighbourhood built environment features. Int J Health Geogr. 2013;12:31. https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-072X-12-31.
Google Scholar
Janssen I, King N. Walkable school neighborhoods are not playable neighborhoods. Health Place. 2015;35:66–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2015.07.004.
Google Scholar
Bucksch J[J], Porter DE, Saunders R, Shirley L, Dowda M, Pate RR. Walkability indices and children’s walking behavior in rural vs. Urban areas. Health Place. 2021;72:102707. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2021.102707.
Google Scholar
Molina-García J, Campos S, García-Massó X, et al. Different neighborhood walkability indexes for active commuting to school are necessary for urban and rural children and adolescents. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2020;17:124. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-020-01028-0.
Google Scholar
Davison KK, Lawson CT. Do attributes in the physical environment influence children’s physical activity? A review of the literature. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2006;3:19. https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-3-19.
Google Scholar
Freitas A PdO, Cardoso L, D’Ávila RF. Citizen science and the (re)discovery of walkability from a child and youth perspective. Cad Metrop. 2024;26(60):805–28. https://doi.org/10.1590/2236-9996.2024-6018.e.
Google Scholar
Ellinger J, Eipel L, Mall C. Criss-crossing the urban space: effectiveness and reach of a gamified intervention to promote daily physical activity among children and adolescents. Discov Public Health. 2025. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12982-025-00706-3.
Google Scholar
Koeberl M, Wurm M, Droin A, Garbasevschi OM, Dolls M, Taubenboeck H. Liveability in large housing estates in Germany–Identifying differences based on a novel concept for a walkable City. Landsc Urban Plann. 2024;251:105150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2024.105150.
Google Scholar
Pinheiro JC, Bates DM. Mixed-effects models in S and S-PLUS [Nachdr]. Statistics and computing. New York: Springer; 2004.
R Core Team. (2024). R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. Available at: https://www.R-project.org/.
Wendel-Vos W, Droomers M, Kremers S, Brug J, van Lenthe F. Potential environmental determinants of physical activity in adults: A systematic review. Obes Reviews: Official J Int Association Study Obes. 2007;8(5):425–40. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-789X.2007.00370.x.
Google Scholar
Zou Y, Ma Y, Wu Z, Liu Y, Xu M, Qiu G, et al. Neighbourhood residential density and childhood obesity. Obes Rev. 2021;22(1):e13037. https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.13037.
Google Scholar
Frohlich KL, Collins PA. Children’s right to the city and their independent mobility: why it matters for public health. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2023;78(1):66–8. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech-2023-221067.
Google Scholar
Jia P, Pan X, Liu F, He P, Zhang W, Liu L, et al. Land use mix in the neighbourhood and childhood obesity. Obes Rev. 2020(S1). https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.13098.
Jia P, Zou Y, Wu Z, Zhang D, Wu T, Smith M, et al. Street connectivity, physical activity, and childhood obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev. 2021;22(1):e12943. https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.12943.
Google Scholar
Nordbø ECA, Nordh H, Raanaas RK, Aamodt G. Promoting activity participation and well-being among children and adolescents: a systematic review of neighborhood built-environment determinants. JBI Evid Synth. 2020;18(3):370–458. https://doi.org/10.11124/JBISRIR-D-19-00051.
Google Scholar
Smith M, Mavoa S, Ikeda E, Hasanzadeh K, Zhao J, Rinne TE, et al. Associations between children’s physical activity and neighborhood environments using GIS: a secondary analysis from a systematic scoping review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031033.
Google Scholar
Trapp GSA, Giles-Corti B, Christian HE, Bulsara M, Timperio AF, McCormack GR, et al. Increasing children’s physical activity: individual, social, and environmental factors associated with walking to and from school. Health Educ Behavior: Official Publication Soc Public Health Educ. 2012;39(2):172–82. https://doi.org/10.1177/1090198111423272.
Google Scholar
Ding D, Sallis JF, Kerr J, Lee S, Rosenberg DE. Neighborhood environment and physical activity among youth a review. Am J Prev Med. 2011;41(4):442–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2011.06.036.
Ryan J, Edney S, Maher C. Engagement, compliance and retention with a gamified online social networking physical activity intervention. Transl Behav Med. 2017;7(4):702–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13142-017-0499-8.
Google Scholar
Kolle E, Steene-Johannessen J, Andersen LB, Anderssen SA. Seasonal variation in objectively assessed physical activity among children and adolescents in Norway: a cross-sectional study. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2009;6:36. https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-6-36.
Google Scholar
Atkin AJ, Sharp SJ, Harrison F, Brage S, van Sluijs EMF. Seasonal variation in children’s physical activity and sedentary time. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2016;48(3):449–56. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000000786.
Google Scholar
Garriga A, Sempere-Rubio N, Molina-Prados MJ, Faubel R. Impact of seasonality on physical activity: a systematic review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010002.
Google Scholar
Gemmell E, Ramsden R, Brussoni M, Brauer M. Influence of neighborhood built environments on the outdoor free play of young children: a systematic, mixed-studies review and thematic synthesis. J Urban Health. 2023;100(1):118–50. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-022-00696-6.
Google Scholar
Buck C, Tkaczick T, Pitsiladis Y, de Bourdehaudhuij I, Reisch L, Ahrens W, Pigeot I. Objective measures of the built environment and physical activity in children: from walkability to moveability. J Urban Health: Bull New York Acad Med. 2015;92(1):24–38. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-014-9915-2.
Google Scholar
Lee S, [Sungmin], Lee C, Nam JW, Abbey-Lambertz M, Mendoza J. School walkability index: application of environmental audit tool and GIS. J Transp Health. 2020;18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jth.2020.100880.
Sofro ZM, Wibowo RA, Wasityastuti W, Kusumadewi AF, Utomo PS, Ekawati FM, et al. Physical activity virtual intervention for improving mental health among university students during the COVID-19 pandemic: a co-creation process and evaluation using the behavior change wheel. Heliyon. 2023;9(8):e18915. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18915.
Google Scholar
Andersen OK, Gebremariam MK, Kolle E, Tarp J. Socioeconomic position, built environment and physical activity among children and adolescents: a systematic review of mediating and moderating effects. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2022;19(1):149. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-022-01385-y.
Google Scholar
D’Haese S, van Dyck D, de Bourdeaudhuij I, Deforche B, Cardon G. The association between objective walkability, neighborhood socio-economic status, and physical activity in Belgian children. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2014;11:104. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-014-0104-1.
Google Scholar
Aznar S, Jimenez-Zazo F, Romero-Blanco C, Gómez SF, Homs C, Wärnberg J, et al. Walkability and socio-economic status in relation to walking, playing and sports practice in a representative Spanish sample of youth: the PASOS study. PLoS ONE. 2024;19(3):e0296816. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0296816.
Google Scholar
Palinkas LA, Mendon SJ, Hamilton AB. Innovations in mixed methods evaluations. Annu Rev Public Health. 2019;40:423–42. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040218-044215.
Google Scholar
von Kutzleben M, Baumgart V, Fink A, Harst L, Wicking N, Tsarouha E, et al. Mixed Methods-Studien in der versorgungsforschung: Anforderungen, herausforderungen und die Frage der Integration – ein diskussionspapier Aus der perspektive qualitativ forschender. Das Gesundheitswesen. 2023;85(08–09):741–9. https://doi.org/10.1055/a-2022-8326.
Google Scholar
link
